Bullet Expansion for Rifle Hunting - Inside MDT

In the realm of hunting, shot placement stands as a crucial factor for success. The ability to deliver precise shots is cultivated through self-awareness, training, and experience with both the hunter and their rifle. It is intimate. While shot placement remains paramount, the evolution of bullet technology introduces an intriguing dimension to the hunt—bullet expansion. This article delves into the intricacies of bullet expansion, shedding light on the types of rifle ammunition available, their impact on terminal ballistics, and the importance of understanding the interplay between bullet performance and shot placement.

More: Long-Range Hunting and Shot Placement

HOW MUCH DO RIFLE BULLETS ACTUALLY EXPAND?

The expansion of a rifle bullet upon impact is a critical factor influencing its effectiveness in hunting. Different rifle ammunition types exhibit varying degrees of expansion, impacting terminal ballistics and overall shot lethality. Bullet expansion can be influenced by factors such as diameter, construction, weight, and projectile velocity. A key consideration for hunters is finding the right balance that ensures controlled expansion without over-penetration.

TYPES OF RIFLE AMMUNITION

Understanding the diversity of rifle ammunition available is crucial for hunters seeking optimal terminal ballistics. Some rifle bullets are designed to expand rapidly upon impact, creating a more traumatic effect on the target. Hollow point bullets, for instance, are engineered to mushroom upon contact, increasing their surface area and imparting greater energy transfer to the target. On the other hand, full metal jacket bullets are designed for penetration. They are less likely to expand, making them suitable for scenarios where over-penetration is needed.

Hornady offers both hunting and match ammunition in similar weights.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BULLET EXPANSION

While shot placement remains the linchpin of hunting success, the importance of rifle bullet expansion should not be overlooked. A well-placed shot with a bullet that expands appropriately can enhance the lethality of the kill by maximizing energy transfer to vital organs. The heart, brain, and double lung shots are considered optimal for ensuring a quick and humane harvest. Conversely, a gut shot, with its potential for spoiled meat and challenging tracking, highlights the consequences of inadequate shot placement. In the realm of terminal ballistics, comparing hunting rifle ammunition to match ammunition is essential. Match ammunition is designed for precision and accuracy, while hunting ammunition prioritizes accuracy and terminal performance. The critical factor in this assessment is bullet expansion. With its emphasis on accuracy, match ammunition may not produce the same stopping power as hunting ammunition. Understanding the characteristics of your rifle ammunition is crucial, and proper testing at the range is essential. It's important to note that the preference for accuracy over expansion guides the selection, recognizing that precision is paramount in certain scenarios.

Match bullet used during a recent hunt. Decent expansion.

EXTERNAL BALLISTICS: ENERGY AND VELOCITY

The discussion on bullet expansion extends to external ballistics, considering factors like energy and velocity. Avid long-range hunters must strike a balance between high velocity for flat trajectories and adequate energy for reliable expansion. Understanding the energy requirements for different game animals and the velocities at which bullets reliably expand is essential for making informed rifle ammunition choices.

CHALLENGES OF BALLISTIC GEL TESTING

While ballistic gel is the standard for testing rifle bullet performance, it has limitations. It does not account for the variability introduced by empty cavities like lungs or hard surfaces like bone. Hunters should be aware that real-world scenarios can yield different results compared to gel tests, reinforcing the need for a comprehensive understanding of both terminal and external ballistics.

Some states, like Arizona, mandate that you use ammunition with certain velocities and energy when harvesting large game. Let's break down the regulations as an exercise to better understand hunting cartridge performance. To hunt deer or elk in Arizona, it's essential to understand your rifle ammunition's energy and speed requirements. The state's regulations may also dictate specific criteria for hunting these animals.

Ammunition Type: Common calibers for deer and elk hunting include .270 Winchester, .30-06

Springfield, .308 Winchester, and similar cartridges. However, always check the specific regulations for the unit you plan to hunt in. These days, 6.5 CM, 6.5 PRC, 338 LM, and 300 PRC are very common, and for good reason.

Energy Requirements: The kinetic energy of a rifle bullet is crucial for an ethical and humane kill. Different states may have minimum energy requirements for hunting specific game. For deer, a general guideline is to use rifle ammunition with a minimum of 1,000 foot-pounds of energy. (Personal examples; 6.5CM no farther than 650 yds max, 6.5PRC 1k max, 338LM 1650 max) For elk, consider rifle ammunition with at least 1,500 foot-pounds of energy. (Personal examples; 6.5CM no farther than 350 yds max, 6.5PRC 710 yds max, 338LM 1250 yds max)

Something to note regarding velocity and bullet expansion: Modern bullets need velocities between 1500 and 1800 fps to expand reliably. Consult a ballistic calculator to see your velocities and energy at distance. If you are hunting deer, ensure you have 1800 fps and 1,000 ft/lbs of energy. You will also want to make sure your equipment and skill set can actually harvest animals at that range.

These max ranges are not recommendations but only minimum energy requirements to meet the AZ foot-pounds of energy legal limitations. Specific energy requirements may vary, so consult your state's Game and Fish Department regulations for the most accurate information. Ensure your rifle is properly sighted in, and practice shooting at various distances to become familiar with its performance (I highly recommend tripod training, as often prone is not an option).

ETHICAL HUNTING PRACTICES

Always prioritize ethical and humane hunting. Take shots within your effective range and consider your shooting skills and the capabilities of your rifle. Practice good marksmanship and aim for vital organs to ensure a swift and humane kill.

In the pursuit of ethical and effective hunting, shot placement remains paramount. However, the evolution of rifle bullet technology introduces an intriguing dimension through controlled bullet expansion. Hunters must navigate the diverse landscape of available rifle ammunition, considering factors like bullet type, energy, and velocity. A nuanced understanding of terminal and external ballistics, coupled with practical experience, empowers hunters to make informed decisions that balance shot placement with the advantages offered by advanced rifle bullet designs. Finally, it's important to note that individual results may vary, as bullets encountering barriers such as dense meat or bone can diverge in their behavior. Some bullets may surprise us and fragment upon impact, while others might pass through cleanly as if it were a full metal jacket round. I have personally seen match bullets act like hunting rounds and expand to 3 times in size, as well as hunting bullets that pass clean through an animal.

Shot placement is paramount.

More articles from Rob Orgel of Emergency Response Tactical

• Long-Range Hunting and Shot Placement
• Eye Dominance and Handedness Maximizing Speed and Efficiency
• Are You Ready for Your Hunt?
• Combat Readiness Regaining Mental Balance

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Rob Orgel enlisted in the USMC in 2004 as an Infantry Rifleman (0311), serving with 3rd Bn 1st Marines in Iraq, including roles as a point man in OIF-3 & team leader in OIF-6. Later, he joined the 1st Marine Regiment, achieved the rank of Sergeant in 2010, & continued service in Afghanistan. Upon returning, he became a Combat Instructor at the School Of Infantry West. Transitioning to private military contracting with Securing Our Country (SOC), he instructed at the American Embassy in Iraq. In 2018, Rob became Chief Instructor at GPS Defense Sniper School, revamping their program. Now, as owner & lead instructor at Emergency Response Tactical, he focuses on training novice to advanced shooters on the range over 300 days a year.